HISTORY OF MOTORCYCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD

 HISTORY OF MOTORCYCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD

    Motorcycles are very familiar in our lives. development Indonesian motorcycles are very fast, based on data from the Motorcycle Industry Association Indonesia (AISI) predicts that 6.8 million units will be sold this year. In fact, in 2012 It is estimated that sales of two-wheeled motorized vehicles will touch 10 million per year year. However, few of us know the history of motor development until now. Here is the history of motorcycle development in the world:

The world's first motorcycle

    The first motorcycle was made in 1895, the inventor of this motorcycle was Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, two German four-stroke engine experts. The first motorcycle in This world has brought technology that is still used today Twin-Cylinder, 4 valve, water cooler and 1,500 cc engine. even if the engine is big, it turns out that the horsepower produced is only 2.5 hp at 240 rpm. Bicycle This motorbike is also the first vehicle in the world to use fuel oil Earth. They called the vehicle of this invention the "Reitwagen"

(mounted car).

German motorcycle era

    In 1892, Henry Hilderband of Munich, West Germany introduced

new model motorcycle. And followed again by the Werner Brothers in 1897. The first motorcycles sold to the public were made by a motorcycle manufacturer Hildebrand und Wolfmüller in Munich, Germany in 1893.

US motorcycle era

    In 1895 the first motorcycle entered the United States, to be precise New York City. In the same year, an American inventor, EJ Pennington, in Milwaukee, demonstrates a motorcycle he designed himself. In the end Pennington is considered to be the first to introduce

term motorcycle (motorcycle).

British motorcycle era

    Triumph, a British bicycle company, decided to make motorcycles. In 1902, the company produced bicycles his first motorbike but still uses an engine from Belgium. Then in 1905, Triumph produced its own complete motorcycle.

World war I era

    During World War I (1914-1918), the company became a motorcycle manufacturer with the largest production in the world. Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company closed in 1953 and the Indian brand was taken over by Royal Enfield.

World war II era

    During World War II (1939-1945), where motorcycles were made for military needs. After World War II, in 1946, the Italian designer Piaggio introduced the Vespa scooter and immediately caught the attention of the world.

After World War II until now

    In 1952, Honda produced a duck motorcycle known as cub. The popularity of this duck type motorcycle has made motorcycle companies other Japanese origins such as Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Suzuki imitate the bicycle model this type of motorcycle. With a machine that is reliable and easy to maintain, as well as the price. competing to make motorcycles from Japan, namely Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha, and Kawasaki, are very popular and still dominate the motorcycle market world.

Father of Motorcycles

     Is Gottlieb Daimler, born in Schorndorf March 17, 1834, a German engineer who first innovated assembling a motorcycle in 1885 in his country Germany. We don't know it that well, but automotive history records him as the father of motorcycles. At the beginning of the creation of this work, he designed a wooden bicycle with four wheels, where there are two additional wheels behind it, which if we look like the wheels on a children's bicycle, then installed an engine with complete combustion. With a speed of 10 km per hour and 700 - 900 revolutions per minute, the results of this test he introduced and then test ride on November 10, 1885 by appointing his son as a rider. This is the starting point of bicycle history motor starts. Motorcycles may now be one of the most popular means of transportation in the world, especially in Indonesia. Try to pay attention on the highway, there are so many motorbikes that pass or are waiting in line when the red light is on. Do you know where motorcycles came from, who played a role in the development of motorcycles and what is the history of motorcycles entering Indonesian? There are three people who are recognized as inventors of the motorcycle, namely, Ernest Michaux (France), Edward Butler (England), and Gottlieb Daimler (Germany). The first motorcycle was designed in 1868 by the French Ernest Michaux. At that time, his planned propulsion was the engine steam but this project didn't work. Then in 1885 Edward Butler tried to perfect it by making another vehicle that uses three wheels and is driven by a motor of the type of internal combustion engine. In 1885 a German engineer Gottlieb Daimler and his partner, Wilhelm Maybach became the world's first motorcycle assemblers. Daimler mounted a small four-stroke engine on a wooden bicycle. The engine is positioned in the middle (between the front and rear wheels) and is connected by a chain to the rear wheels. Then the engined wooden bicycle was given the name Reitwagen (riding car). At that time this type of vehicle was not known to many people. Until in 1892, Henry Hilderband from Munich, West Germany introduced a new model of motorcycle. And followed again by the Werner Brothers in 1897. The first motorcycle sold to the public was made by the Hildebrand und Wolfmüller motorcycle factory in Munich, Germany in 1893. The rear wheel of this motorcycle was driven directly by the crankshaft (crankshaft). In 1895 the first motorcycle into the United States, to be precise in the city of New York. In the same year, an American inventor, EJ Pennington, in Milwaukee, demonstrated a motorcycle he designed himself. In the end Pennington is considered to be the first person to introduce the term motorcycle (motorcycle). In the same year, Triumph, a bicycle company in England decided to make a motorcycle. Four years later, 1902, the company produced its first motorcycle but still used engines from Belgium. Then in 1905, Triumph produced its own complete motorcycle. In 1903, William S Harley and his friend, Arthur Davidson, produced motorcycles in Milwaukee, United States, and named the motorcycle Harley Davidson. In 1904, another American company, the Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, came up with the Indian Single motorcycle. Then until World War I (1914-1918), this company became a motorcycle manufacturer with the largest production in the world. The Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company closed in 1953 and the Indian brand was taken over by Royal Enfield.

How it works type OHC/SOHC

How it works short type OHC/SOHC. The rotation of the crutches is forwarded by the timing chain to rotate the camshaft. The camshaft rotation is transmitted by the rocker arm (works like a lever) to compress the spring so that the valve opens.

Okay bro, now let's match it with some motorcycle products in the country. The most widely applied is the OHC/SOHC type with 2 valves (in/ex). But in its development, there are combined with 4 valves. For example, Yamaha Jupiter MX and V-Ixion. One rocker arm moves 2 valves at once (one end of the rocker arm is designed forked). Now let's look at the DOHC type. Most of this type is not equipped with a rocker arm. Examples of Honda CBR150, Suzuki FU150 and Ninja 250. Camshaft positioned

just above the valve spring. So, as soon as the camshaft rotates directly press the spring so that the valve opens. The DOHC type also allows the use of multiple valves, for example one cylinder with 4 valves. Why no rocker arm? Some literature states, the more components that work in the valve mechanism, the less good at high rotations (if I'm not mistaken about the theory of mass inertia). In addition, it is said that the sound is also louder. So it seems that there is a conclusion that for now, the DOHC model without a rocker arm is considered the best technology to be applied to motorcycles in Indonesia.

Rapid technological developments have also triggered the development of motorcycle automotive engineering. The development of motorcycle automotive engineering technology increasingly provides a guarantee of satisfaction to the user.

The Development of Motorcycle Automotive Engineering

In the past, motorbikes were more used as a means of transportation, now motorbikes have become part of the rider's lifestyle. As a function of transportation, motorcycles were created with a strong and durable design.

Motorcycles from 1940 to 1980 have a large cc capacity, the body and frame are made of steel, and the color is usually dark or black.

Along with the development of technology, now motorcycles are very varied. Designs that are popular today prioritize models that are fashionable, fuel efficient, but still have optimal engine power.

2 Stroke and 4 Step Motorcycle

    In general, motorcycles in Indonesia have 2 stroke and 4" engine types

step. Both types of engines use gasoline as fuel. However, for this type of 2 stroke motorcycle, the lubrication system

using lubricating oil mixed with gasoline. As a result of mixing gasoline with lubricating oil, the combustion products produce a fairly thick and smelly smoke residue.

A 2 stroke motorcycle engine has a louder vibration and sound than a 4 stroke motorcycle engine. 

The advantage of a 2 stroke engine is that it has fast and strong acceleration. In terms of fuel consumption, 2 stroke engine gasoline is more wasteful than 4 stroke engine. 

For example, the Yamaha RX King which is dubbed the "King of the Streets" or "Motor Thief" (because of the many cases of muggings, robberies and crimes using the Yamaha RX King), has a 125 cc which is only capable of consuming 25-30km of gasoline fuel per hour liter. 

This is very ironic with the Honda Mega Pro which has a 200 cc engine capacity that only requires 50-61.5km of gasoline per liter. In contrast to a 4 stroke motorcycle engine that only consumes pure fuel. Lubrication of the 4 stroke engine directly uses engine oil in the crankcase. The results of the combustion of a 4-stroke engine do not make your head dizzy or stuffy nose. The vibration of the 4 stroke motorcycle engine is very smooth and barely audible. The disadvantage of a 4 stroke motorcycle is that the engine oil life is relatively shorter than that of a 2 stroke engine.

Fuel Supply Technology

    The technology of fuel supply that existed when it started to penetrate as applied to cars. Carburetor technology from year to year has not had a significant improvement with the development of the engine or suspension and ignition.

In fact, at this time, the hybrid engine has echoed. Honda Supra X 125 PGM F1 is the originator of gasoline fuel injection technology on motorcycles. The result of this fuel injection technology makes the engine much smoother and very fuel efficient. Honda Supra X 125 PGM F1 is capable through the fuel consumption of 70-75km per liter. The success of the Honda PGM F1 was followed by the Yamaha manufacturer to apply injection technology as a

carburetor replacement. Yamaha applies its first injection technology in the Yamaha Sport Vixion which consumes 60km of gasoline per liter. Not wanting to be left behind, Suzuki also followed with a Shogun 125 motorcycle. Shogun 125 injection fuel consumption is the same as the Honda Supra X 125 PGM F1. With the increasing public need for land transportation to support economic growth, as well as the magnitude of the losses and the problems that accompany it, with the support of the development of science and technology, the design and production of motorized vehicles will always be required to be able to answer developing environmental issues, namely:

(1) energy saving;

(2) environmentally friendly;

(3) safe;

(4) comfortable;

(5) easy to operate by anyone. Thus a challenge in itself

for vehicle designers to be able to provide means of transportation in accordance with these demands, so that several motor vehicle technologies as we know them today appear, including:

1. Motor Propulsion (Engine): EFI, GDI, CDI, Hybrid Engine, Electric Car, Fuel Cell, towards a vehicle with a zero emission vehicle (ZEV), to meet increasingly stringent emission standards.

2. Transmission: Automatic transmission, CVT, as an answer to the need

a more comfortable ride and easy to operate.

3. Brake: anti lock brake system (ABS) as an answer to driving safety

especially in extreme weather.

4. Suspension: multilink suspension system that provides comfort and stability in control.

5. Intelligent control system which includes several systems including:

(a) dynamic stability control (DSC);

(b) vehicle dynamic control (VDC);

(c) vehicle stability/skid control (VSC);

(d) pressure control system (PCS);

(e) dynamic stability traction control (DSTC);

(f) stability management system (SMS);

(g) flexible body control.

EFI - ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION

    Various ways and efforts made to reduce the levels of gas poisonous waste and obtain a good acceleration in motor racing especially on a bike vehicles motor.Salah of these efforts is to. Electronics technology combines with technology otomotip more familiar with

words EFI (Elektronic Fuel Injection).

It is expected to use the EFI system will be able to make: 

Machines motor vehicles such as the use of lead-free fuel, the use of catalysts in

flue gas duct, etc.It is going is one of the efforts of the NO elements meminilisasi

the combustion of which terjadi.Sebelumnya efforts in doing is shifting from machine to machine 2 step 4 step. And now the end user carburizing system also will be replaced by digital carburizing system.

Electronic fuel injection system (digital carburizing) has begun to be applied to motorcycle engine, slowly but surely will replace the system that has long survive ie carburettor (carburizing manual). Because the motorcycle engine is a a combination of chemical and physical reactions to generate power, then we go back to the theory basic chemical reaction of fuel combustion with O2 perfect is:

15: 1 means that: 15 parts of O2 (oxygen) to 1 part fuel

    Theories based on the weight ratio of the element type, in practice comparison

above (AFR - Air Fuel Ratio) is changed to produce more power or economical fuel consumption. Carburizing system also has the same goal of to achieve conditions appropriate comparison of chemical theory above but done manual.Karburator tend to be arranged to average conditions in which the motorcycle is used so the results tend toward fuel mix more than they need real machine. For EFI for digital set then any change conditions of use of the motorcycle ECU will be set so that the conditions remain ideal AFR achievable.

    In the carburetor system setting the amount of air that will enter the inlet set manually. This does not happen on EFI systems because of the temperature sensor air (Inlet Air Temperature) so when the condition of O2 density changes, supply fuel too adjustable (injector load time is increased or decreased). This is what is advantages that use the EFI system that can make fuel consumption. This becomes more efficient but the power produced is still perfect.

The main difference compared Carburetor EFI is:

Carburettor	EFI
Fuel is sucked by the engine	Fuel is injected/sprayed into the engine
ignition Separated	Integrated Ignition System
In CC The same size lebihboros	In comparison, the same CC is more efficient

Basic components of EFI

     Each type or model of motorcycle having each design yet outline contained the following components, although sometimes a different name in particular brands, and EFI system can also be differentiated into several types.

ECU - Electrical Control Unit

    Data processing center conditions of use of the machine, received a signal from sensorsensor and process it and then give the output / output current and the number of injection, according to the time of ignition. ECU often called by the term ECM - Electronic Control Module.

Fuel Pump

    In place in the fuel tank that produces the fuel pressure to be ready to be injected.

FUEL Pressure Regulator

    Providing fuel pressure is always fixed (43 ~ 60psi). In stiap condition, both at low speed and at high speed pressure regulator is not the same for all brand vehicles motorcycles.

Temperature Sensor

    Provide input to the ECU engine temperature conditions, a cold engine requires fuel

more.

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor

    Provide input into the ECU will condition the air temperature entering the machine, cold air O2 more dense, it will need more fuel, according to the contrary.

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor

    Provide input into the ECU air pressure conditions which will go into the engine, the air

pressurized (on the type of motorcycle is upstream inlet exist between the two headlights). O2 is denser, requires more fuel.

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor

Gives input to the ECU the condition of the ambient air pressure around the motorcycle, on lowland (coastal) O2 is denser, requires more fuel.

Crankshaft Sensor

Gives input to the ECU the position and speed of engine rotation, high speed

requires a faster INJECTOR open.

Camshaft Sensor

Inputs to the ECU the engine stroke position, and only the intake stroke is requires open INJECTOR.

Throttle Sensor

Gives input to the ECU the position and size of the airflow opening, large opening requires a longer open INJECTOR.

Fuel Injectors / Injectors

The final gate of pressurized fuel, the main function of spraying fuel into engine, opens and closes on command from the ECU.

Speed ​​Sensor

Giving input to the ECU the speed condition of the motorcycle, playing the gas in the lamp red compared to the speed of 90km/h, open a different INJECTOR.

Vehicle-down Sensor

Giving input to the ECU the condition of the motorcycle, if the motorcycle falls with the engine condition on, the ECU will stop the FUEL PUMP, IGNITION, INJECTOR, for security and safety. For certain brands it is often also referred to as "Bank Angle Sensor "Generally, a motorcycle tilt of 60 Degrees more than 5 seconds has been assume the vehicle has crashed. That's when the ECU/ECM stops the flow of fuel to the. The injector and engine also die / stop. Well if you experience this, for example, the motorcycle fell, so in order to be able to turn it back on, the ignition must be first you position it in the OFF position, so that automatically the ECU will. Reset to the initial position again, and the new engine is ready to be started. Electronic Fuel Injection is indeed superior to the carburetor, because it can adjust the fuel dose according to the needs of the standard engine. The ECU is programmed for conditions standard engine according to the motorcycle model, in the ECU there is a fuel table that will sent via Injector according to standard engine conditions.

Work Principle

To understand the working principle, it should be understood that the applicable standard term in automotive engineering:

* TDC (top dead point) or TDC (top dead center), the position of the piston is at the uppermost point

in the engine cylinder or the piston is at the farthest point from the crankshaft (crankshaft).

* BDC (bottom dead point) or BDC (bottom dead center), the position of the piston is at its most. Under the engine cylinder or piston is at its closest to the crankshaft (crankshaft).

The rinse chamber is the space under the piston where there is a crankshaft, often called the bathtub crank (crankcase) serves the gases of the mixture of air, fuel and lubricant can be mixed evenly.

*  Flushing (scavenging) is the process of spending the gases of combustion and process introduction of gas for combustion in the combustion chamber.

Design differences with four-stroke engines

# In a two-stroke engine, in one rotation of the crankshaft (crankshaft) occurs one process

combustion, whereas in a four-stroke engine, once the combustion process occurs twice

crankshaft rotation.

# On a four-stroke engine, it requires a valve mechanism to work

with the function of opening and closing the intake and exhaust holes, while the In a two-stroke engine, the piston and piston ring function to open and close the hole intake and exhaust ports. At first two-stroke engines were not equipped with valve, in its development a one-way valve (one-way valve) is installed between the rinse chamber with a carburetor with the aim of:

1. So that the gas that has entered the rinse chamber does not return to the carburetor.

2. Maintain pressure in the rinse chamber while the piston compresses the rinse chamber.

# Inlet and exhaust ports on two-stroke engines are on the wall cylinder, whereas in a four-stroke engine it is found in the cylinder head. This is the main reason 4 stroke engine uses side oil.

Strengths and weaknesses

Advantages of two-stroke engines 

Compared to a four-stroke engine, the advantages of two-stroke engines is:

1. The two-stroke engine is more powerful than the four-stroke engine.

2. Engine two was smaller and lighter than the four-stroke engine. The combination of both the above advantages make the ratio of weight to power (the power to weight ratio) two engines are better than four stroke engines.

3. The two-stroke engine the cheaper cost of production because of the simple construction.

Shortage of two-stroke engines

Disadvantages of a two-stroke engine compared to a four-stroke engine

1. The efficiency of a two-stroke engine is lower than that of a four-stroke engine.

2. Two stroke engine requires oil mixed with fuel (side oil/two stroke

oil) for lubricating engine cylinders.

#Both of the above resulted in the operating costs of two-stroke engines are higher than four-stroke engines.

3. Two-stroke engine produces more air pollution, pollution occurs from the combustion of side oil and gas from the rinse chamber which escapes directly into the drain hole.

4. Lubrication of two-stroke engines is not as good as that of four-stroke engines, resulting in a relatively lower life of spare parts in the combustion chamber components.

*Source by Internet